The economic sector said the "
Building and Public Works
" or "BTP " includes all activities from design and construction of public and private buildings, industrial or no, and infrastructure such as roads or sewage system. The BTP
is one of the first sectors of economic activity.
Construction In a project of building or public works, construction
is done by assembling various elements of the building using materials and techniques.
This activity requires the cooperation of many specialized players. A project is usually designed and run by a "prime contractor (architect, engineering), on behalf of the client, called owner
. It is however possible, especially for works of large or complex, sharing the tasks of project management or project management between multiple stakeholders. The building itself is generally performed by one or more companies (referred to as a "consortium"), manager (s) of the market (contract) work. This business market manager, often called "general contractor" also makes use of subcontracting.
The various stakeholders of the construction are identified in the so-called "state body" structural work, roofing, plumbing, electrical, heating, painting, etc.. (For buildings), roads, lighting, water systems (Drinking water, while water-borne sewerage, stormwater), networks "dry" (electricity, gas, telephone, fiber optic, etc..), Signage, etc.. (Public works). The general contractor is usually the one that carries the structural work (construction of the structure) and it subcontracts for other state bodies. A construction project requires more technical capacity, planning a major effort to meet deadlines and the financial framework set out with the developer and contractor, to coexist various state bodies, to be supplied at the right time, etc.. The contractor, which is often the one who participated in the design of the work, ensures that the company complies with the project in general market conditions. The owner must also check that the work complies with the regulations, particularly as regards working conditions, environment, residents' discomfort ...
Regulatory
In all countries, the construction or rehabilitation are subject to increased regulation (collateral (eg ten in France), rules and construction standards, protection of workers and the public, etc.).. The mode of procurement is especially framed to allow free competition while avoiding market distortions (corruption, etc..). The building regulations already existed in antiquity, with for example (Mesopotamia), the code of Hammurabi, one of the first known legal codes, which set of rules already built.
showed too many accidents in the construction sector-wide EU, a directive of the European Union (Eighth Council Directive 92/57/EEC of the European Communities of 24 June 1992) was developed and involves the minimum safety "mobile construction sites"
. This directive has introduced a new concept: the health and safety coordination
. health and to implement the
regulation also tends to evolve towards a better integration of environment in terms of work area clean and less damaging (fight against noise and dust, sorting and recovery waste, recycling materials, etc..) upstream and moving to new buildings, to standards QEH types supported on
A designed " requiring checks (and auto) individuals associated with the obligation of result of part of the architect and builder (eg in terms of sound and heat insulation). The imperatives of respect for the Kyoto Protocol foreshadow major changes in the choice of implementation techniques and materials, even in the ways of living
.
types of constructions
There are five types of buildings: residential, commercial, industrial, public works (PW) and institutional.
Building
construction of several apartment blocks. Most work in the building are either in new construction or in rehabilitation or development of existing buildings. The building is
collective or individual
for the individual is either scattered or grouped (many houses built in the same place by the same promoter
main actors are the
Owner
(the client), the prime contractor (the professional arm of the right customer) and business. The contracting authority may dispense with a prime contractor and make itself the design of the structure, the coordination and supervision. For private works only obligation is to hire an architect to application for planning permission if the surface created (shon) is greater than 170 sq ft (or if the Client is an SCI). For cons the reason is a non-professional to call upon the services of a Project Manager (EOM) or a general contractor.
Beware MOE choice: there are serious, generally architects who may be involved in a research department (many years of study, an order which oversees professional duties) and the less serious, prime contractors not architects. This legal status is not protected. An MOE is not right : Advertising, working always with the same companies, write specifications for the business. It is further limited to only one tender per year for all its sites. An EOM is the right hand of the customer, not the company. He directed the first plans for the construction and tests the feasibility of the work of a technical point of view, without going into details of construction which are reserved for the general contractor.
The general contractor or general contractor or builder. It handles everything from drawings to completion of the work. Even if it subcontracts part of the work he is responsible.
In the case of the construction of a detached house the general contractor is called constructor, he owes his client a number of protections included in the " contract to build detached house " which guarantees completion of the financial
delivery guarantee price and time agreed
(an insurance company takes care of finishing the construction in case of failure of the manufacturer and assumes the costs). If construction is financed with debt, the lender must verify the effective implementation of legal protections or uses an outside agency VERIFIMMO example. These protections are also due on acquisition of a house used to work on the structure of the building and the creation or surface. (See work of Professor Perrinet-Marquet)
Warning: texts have established different rules depending on the original construction plans. If the plans are procured to the customer directly or indirectly by the manufacturer's model is applicable to the construction contract
detached house "with supply plans"
. So if the operator takes care to establish plans for its client (either internally or by an independent professional) the transaction must be of such contract.
Public Works
The public works involve the construction of infrastructure for transport generally. These sites are usually run by government or by large companies for which the State has assigned or granted a public service remit. One can cite as an example of public works: roads, highways, railways, bridges, pipelines and urban development (construction of a place of burial electric and telephone lines, tram lines, etc..) port facilities, etc.. Some private companies may also need to install key infrastructure, particularly in the mining, energy, transportation. In most countries (eg France), these facilities are subject to extensive regulation in order to preserve the people's interest, safety, and minimize negative impacts on the environment.
Alongside " great work, there are also many public works projects to small for both local (development of a pedestrian crossing a roundabout, lighting, etc..) than for individuals or businesses (tar driveway, a car park, etc.).
Construction Industrial
The relevant market is relatively small, it is a "niche market" that requires specialized skills. Companies are often specialized according areas: pharmaceuticals, petroleum, chemicals, energy, manufacturing, etc..
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Source: Wikipedia.org
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